Assignment Three - Practical Radio News

Newsreader Script Voice Piece 

Teenagers texting whilst driving has caused numerous accidents over the past years leading to investigations into whether younger drivers should be allowed on the roads.

Our reporters Phoebe and Eleanor are Live from South Downs College reviewing the highly discussed issue of teenagers texting whilst behind the wheel.

Cut: Chris1

Dur: 40 Secs

Out: Lavin1

Reporters Voice Piece

Chris: Hello, welcome to South Downs News.

Rebecca: We are here today reporting live from South Downs College, discussing the topic of teenagers texting whilst driving.

Chris: 33% of deaths among 13 to 19-year-olds in 2010 occurred in motor vehicle crashes.

Rebecca: This is a terrifying statistic which is why change must begin as soon as possible.

Chris: We are now here joined with Charlotte, a 17 year old student who's recently passed her driving test.

Rebecca: Whats your thoughts on teenagers who text whilst driving?

Charlotte: I think texting whilst driving isn't good and I would never personally do it. I understand sometimes if its an emergency and you have to reply straightaway than its acceptable to text and drive, but if people just do it for the sake of it then I don't agree.

Chris: If you were in a vehicle with somebody who was texting would you intervene?

Charlotte: Yeah I would try to stop them as they are putting my life and others in danger. If it was say in a traffic jam where we wouldn't be moving for a while then I would maybe not intervene but if I thought I was in danger I'd definitely speak up.

Rebecca: Only 44% of teens said they would definitely speak up if someone were driving in a way that scared them.

Chris: Talking on a cell phone can double the likelihood of an accident as well as slow a young driver’s reaction time down to that of a 70-year-old.

Chris: Teen drivers with involved parents are twice as likely to wear seat belts.

Rebecca: Only 44% of teens said they would definitely speak up if someone were driving in a way that scared them.

Chris: Statistics show that 17 and 18-year-old driver death rates increase with each additional passenger.

Rebecca: I hope you have found this to be helpful and informative.

Chris: So next time you debate texting whilst driving, just remember your putting your life and others in danger.

Chris: And this has been Chris and Lucy reporting for South Downs News.

Rebecca: Thank you for watching, back to the studio.

Vox Pop

(News readers asks the question 'whats your thoughts on teenagers texting whilst driving?')

Vox Pop Response:

I think texting and driving is bad and anybody who considers doing it should be ashamed. I would never personally do it as I think it puts peoples lives in danger. Being safe on the roads is way more important than answering a phone call or text.

(News readers asks the question 'If you were in a vehicle with somebody who was texting would you intervene?)

Vox Pop Response:

I personally would definitely intervene as its my life at risk just as much as the drivers and other people on the road. I have never been in a car where someone has texted and drove but if I did I would feel like its my right to say something so I would.

(News reader asks the question 'Would you ever text whilst driving?')

Vox Pop Response:

No I wouldn't think about doing that. Its stupid and unneeded, answering a call or text should not be peoples main priority whilst driving. I've just recently passed my test and I'm already scared of other drivers on the road purely for the fact of things like texting whilst driving, I just think people shouldn't do it.

Final Radio Vox Pop Piece

Link: http://chirb.it/NC3Pa1

This is the final finished piece of our radio box pop piece, we edited it through Adobe Audition, the changes we made were cropping and cutting certain section, replacing parts with different recordings and manipulating certain responses to fit within the style of a vox pop

Check this out on Chirbit

Evaluation 


Phoebe and I decided to create our Radio piece on a story about teenagers using mobile phones whilst driving - this story was chosen because of its relevance and its importance to this target audience we're aiming the piece toward. We have decided to set our target audience primarily at teenagers - this being about 17 - 18 years old (young drivers). As a whole, these are the people who are at the heart of our story. Despite this, the information we've gathered, this includes facts, figures,opinions and statistics have been from DVLA, driving professionals or Police who are more than likely going to give a very one sided story to the report. We feel as though getting opinions from the people who are the main part of the story would be something we can congregate a lot of information and peoples opinions on thereby creating a two sided opinion on the story and getting teenagers and young drivers involved in something that would be a big part of there lives at the age we're aiming towards.

As well as this, being the same age, we feel that we can create a radio piece that will know what it's talking about and will know what will appeal to the people people and what they want to hear as we are basically directing it at ourselves. By doing this were able to connect with the people were aiming for by having that link. This means we can look at current events in the news and see which ones stand out the most to us thus we'll then have an idea of what people our age are interested in and what will appeal to them as it has come from ourselves. As well as this having the same age range as our target audience is an advantage to us, as this means we can project the news stories out in a way that we know the teenagers watching will enjoy and have a genuine interest in. Not only this, but being the same age range as the people who we're directing these stories for means that we'll have good connection with them, we can know what they want to see and do our best to give it to them.


Teenagers are always interested in these kinds of stories because it will relate to them on a more personal level whether it be through family, friends, experiences or being already aware and wanting to air there opinion. However this story will push the limits and not be afraid to put out the important details that we think will make the teenagers catch on and realise the dangers. Not only this but it will be a reminder or a lesson for them as the relevance of it is massively important. In a day were technology is constantly used, I believe teenagers are becoming unaware of the dangers as it is not put forward to them enough how critical using a mobile while driving can be therefore teenagers can use the as a reminder and a way to make them more aware of the situation. The vox pops are going to encourage young drivers to have the opportunity to bring forward and air there opinion in a way that would be heard especially if they have no other way of telling their point of view.

I feel I have demonstrated a variety of professional practice within my film and radio piece. To start with my filming assignment reflects professionalism as I used a mixture of different and expert angles like cut away shots, long distance shots and close ups. I also made sure the actors and actresses I decided to use for the filming were the best I could find, I wanted the news film to be as professional as possible which is why I choose actors and actress who were up to that standard and what I wanted to represent our news programme. Another example of how my film treatment reflects professional practice is the script. Throughout this assignment I researched a variety of different news programmes and looked into how the way news reporters speak, what they say etc. and due to this made sure the script reflected that. We treated our story like the real thing taking in all aspects and considerations. We first thought about the vox pops and who would be interested, relevant and who would air the most opinion. As we knew teenagers were the core of the story we knew that these would be the best people to get opinions and judgement from as this is also who were targeting the piece for. Teenagers will often care a lot more and have a valid opinion on something that is likely to affect them and people their age so we knew that by asking them we could get a lot of material. We both knew we could take vox pops from people around the college as almost all the teenagers there would be coming up to learning to drive or already driving. We would be able to go out at any point of the day and take small recording from several people with different ideas and feelings towards the situation. In the end we were able to get vox pops from people who were already driving, learning to drive or just had an opinion anyway, which was great for our piece as we could get a range of mixed point of views from people who were strongly against it or people who didn't really mind about texting whilst driving. We asked three questions overall, these were; 'What are your thoughts on teenagers texting whilst driving?', ''If you were in a vehicle with somebody who was texting would you intervene?' and 'Would you ever text whilst driving?'. Choosing very quick fire and simple questions enabled us to get opinions and information from all sorts of people who could answer them in a very short brief yet informative way. This was good for us as we had a lot of people's point of view and it was easier to pick at the best answers and edit them easily. The cue was something we also was able to do quite easily as we just had to pick out the valid points and condense them so that it lead on to vox pops smoothly and in a way that people could clearly understand.

I think overall we gathered and created a really strong piece that has a good story that we could utilize and adapt to the kind of thing we wanted to create. I would say the first strength of our piece as a whole is the fact we had really strong questions to ask the public and this allowed us to get a ton of opinions and points of views that we could turn into a really valid and important set of vox pops for the final story. It was also easy to edit on Adobe Audition, where we had to cut out small speaking errors or pauses. This made for a very strong final piece which flowed like a real life radio piece and sounded very informative. There area few weaknesses and these probably include general things such as if we had more time we would of been able to edit the piece to a higher level and therefore if we needed more vox pops or an improved que we would have the time to gather and adjust it. We also could of had more vox pop questions just so that we had a broader outlook on the subject from the public rather than asking everyone the same three questions. I think as well we would of added an end piece to the story so that we could of rounded it off professionally and make it like the real thing.

Look at the following story from Hampshire Police

-What are the 5 W’s ?
-Is any part of this story opinion?
-Write this story into a piece of copy as close to 90 words long as possible, aiming to use the 3                C’s and 5 W’s

What are the 5W's?

Who.
What
Why
When
Where

Police are investigating a report of an assault on a woman with learning difficulties in Southsea on Christmas Day.

The 25-year-old, who has a rare genetic condition called Williams syndrome, was walking along St. Andrews Road near Hudson Road at around 5.20pm on Sunday, December 25, 2011 when she was approached by a group of boys.

It’s alleged the boys verbally abused and threatened her before assaulting this woman and her pet cat, which was following her.

The woman received slight bruising to her face, and was left frightened and distressed by these events. She went back to her flat and locked herself in shortly after the assault, which was later reported to the police by her family.

The group of boys were described as being aged between 12 and 15. They were riding a number of micro-scooters and one bicycle. One of the boys was wearing blue jeans and a blue top with the hood up.

A Hampshire Constabulary spokesman said: "These were cruel and despicable actions towards a vulnerable woman who is usually trusting of people as she tries to lead an independent life.

"On Christmas Day evening, this woman wanted to prove her independence by walking from her flat to her mother’s address nearby for the first time in the dark. It’s believed that the group of boys targeted this woman because of her appearance and the way she walks, which is as a result of challenges with her co-ordination.

"We are appealing for witnesses to this assault in St. Andrews Road on Christmas Day or anyone with information about the identities of the youth suspects."

People with information are asked to contact Southsea police station by phoning 101. Mini-com users can phone 01962 875000. Information can be given anonymously by phoning the independent Crimestoppers charity on 0800 555 111.


Is any part of this story opinion?

A Hampshire Constabulary spokesman put his opinion toward the crime and said: "These were cruel and despicable actions towards a vulnerable woman who is usually trusting of people as she tries to lead an independent life.

Write this story into a piece of copy as close to 90 words long as possible, aiming to use the 3                C’s and 5 W’s

An investigation is underway after a woman with learning difficulties was attacked on Christmas day in Southsea.

The 25 year-old was walking along St.Andrews road at 5.20pm when it claimed a group of boys - aged 12 - 15 - approached the woman verbally abusing her and brutally assulting the woman and her pet cat.

She was left with bruising to the face. Police say it is believed the group of boys targeted this woman because of her appearance.

Comparison of News Bulletins

Assignment 2 - Law

Defamation




A statement will not be defamatory merely because it is hurtful or upsetting to a person. It must affect their reputation in a damaging way.

Very simply, defamation is to spread bad reports about someone which could do them harm. You can defame someone if you write or say something about them which damages their reputation in the eyes of right thinking individuals which makes people want to avoid them or which hurts them in their work or profession or cause them financial loss.  In more defined terms, defamation (also calumny, vilification and traducement) is the communication of a false statement that harms the reputation of an individual person, business, group, government, religion or groundless criticism. It is usually regarded as irrational unprovoked criticism, which has little or no discrimination against a particular organization, individual or nation etc.

The Defamation Act 2014 reforms aspects of the law of defamation. The civil law on defamation has developed through common law over a number years periodically being supplemented by stature, most recently the Defamation Act 1952 and the defamation Act 1996.

Under common law, to give legal form to defamation a claim must generally be false and have been made to someone other than the person defamed. There are two different versions of defamation these are known as libel and slander. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is the written word whilst slander is the spoken word.

With the development of the press libel became the most widespread form of defamation. When broadcasting was introduced, most legal systems decided to treat radio and television like the press and apply the laws of libel to them even though there word are spoken.

The three main defenses against defamation are:

-Fair comment

-Justification/truth

-Qualified privilege

If an individual is defamed, then he or she has a right to damages for the injury to reputation, as the purpose of the tort is to vindicate and protect reputation. Courts do not only look at the literal meaning of a defamatory publication, but also consider what the ordinary reader or viewer could have understood the publication to mean. This may be different from what the plaintiff intended or what the defendant understood.

Modern libel and slander laws, as implemented in many (but not all) Commonwealth nations as well as in the United States and in the Republic of Ireland, are originally descended from English defamation law. The history of defamation law in England is somewhat obscure; civil actions for damages seem to have been relatively frequent as far back as the reign of Edward though it is unknown whether any generally applicable criminal process was in place. 

Example of Defamation:

The Frankie Boyle Libel Case

After the High Court jury found that the Daily Mirror had libeled Frankie Boyle by calling him a racist comedian, the sweary coming won £54,650 in damages. Boyle, 40 said the paper had defamed him with an article published on the 19th of July 2011 however Daily Mirror publisher Mirror Group Newspapers defended the piece ''on the basis of truth and fair comment'' however jurors ruled in favor of Boyle.

Racism originally meant a belief in racial supremacy and racial hatred but has broadened to include ''belief in racial difference'' and also ''prejudice, dislike or discrimination''

''The term “racist comedian” in particular evokes images of 1970s comedy where the humor was genuinely nasty, the aim being to demean and humiliate minorities.

Boyle’s jokes weren’t like that at all. For instance, he used the word “Paki” in a sketch about Afghanistan, but although some people might laugh at the forbidden word, the joke was about the different value the British media places on the lives of Britons and Afghans. Boyle is someone who makes the occasional joke about race, not a racist comedian.''

The comedian said The Daily Mirror newspaper had misunderstood the context of his use of language in his jokes, adding the accusation of racism ''goes against everything I’ve tried to do in my work, to do in my life''. Boyle argues in court, its all about context: "If I dressed up as Godilla, people would not accuse me of wanting to crush Tokyo myself". Mirror Group Newspapers also found to their cost that Boyle could be charged with all sorts but racism shouldn't be one - they say "there is a difference between Boyle using the word "nigger" when making a joke about the Ministry of Defence and Bernard Manning insulting "Paki" routines from the 1970s: Boyle is making a satirical point about British foreign policy whilst Mannings routines were reductive, unreconstructed and - despite Manning pointing to black members of his audience - based on prejudice". Frankie Boyle won the  after the jurys verdict on an article that described his as a "racist comedia". Jurors awarded the comedian a further sum over the claim in the article that he was "forced to quit" the BBC2 show Mock the Week. After Boyle won his case he said he would donate the money to charity. 

The case involved a large amount of public interest. The Daily Mirror publisher Mirror Group Newspapers (MGN) defended the article made on Frankie Boyle saying that the "racist" description was either true or "honest comment on a matter of public interest". The MGN made the statement believing that it is interest to the public, affecting the rights of the people.

Furthermore, the comedian's humor has often proved controversial with audiences.

Last year, broadcasting watchdog Ofcom upheld more than 500 complaints about his Channel 4 show Tramadol nights, during which he joked about model Katie Price's disabled son, Harvey. In 2008, the BBC apologized when Boyle made a joke about Palestine on the Radio 4 comedy show Political Animal. A year after that, BBC Two's Mock The Week was criticized by the BBC Trust over comments Boyle made on the show about swimmer Rebecca Aldington’s appearance.

Contempt of Court 

Contempt of court occurs when somebody is deemed to have interfered with the administration of justice.

The primary function of the Contempt of Court Act is to protect the integrity of active court proceedings. A strict liability rule is introduced by the Act. Under this rule any conduct that interferes with the course of the justice can be treated as contempt of court even when there was no intention to interfere. When someone interferes with the administration of justice, it will result in justice itself not being properly carried out - it is for this reason that contempt of court is seen as such a serious offence and which results in possible prison sentences - the maximum prison sentence in the UK is 2 years but the law is becoming increasing difficult to enforce due to the worldwide nature of the media. By committing contempt of court you are betraying the entire justice system.

In order to understand when you are at risk of contempt, you need to understand when proceedings are active. The main stage of proceedings in a crime are as follows; the crime itself, arrest or a warrant of arrest, charge, trial magistrates the crown, jury deliberations, verdict, sentence or acquittal.

The are two types of Contempt of Court:

A direct contempt  is an act that occurs in the presence of the court and is intended to embarrass or engender disrespect for the court. Shouting in the courtroom or refusing to answer questions for a judge or attorney under oath is a direct contempt. Swearing in court, being loud, noisy, disruptive, abusing the judiciary/court staff is all seen as a direct contempt of court.

Indirect contempt occurs outside the presence of the court, but its intention is also to belittle, mock, obstruct, interrupt, or degrade the court and its proceedings. Attempting to bribe a district attorney is an example of an indirect contempt. Publishing any material that results in a contempt charge is an indirect contempt. Other kinds of indirect contempt include preventing process service, improperly communicating to or by jurors, and withholding evidence.

An  example of what could constitute contempt of court would be revealing somebody’s identity that had been protected by the courts. A number of high profile celebrities have recently used super injunctions to prevent the press publishing stories about them.

When a super injunction has been granted, the judge has clearly felt that the individual’s privacy should be protected and therefore has granted the injunction. If a particular newspaper were to then publish a story naming the individual with the benefit of the super injunction, then they could be deemed to be in contempt of court and face possible imprisonment


Example of Contempt of Court

Jurors Jailed for Two Months for Contempt of Court After One Posted A Comment on Social Media

In July of 2013, Kasim Davey, 21, wrote a strongly-worded Facebook message during the trial of a man for sex offences. The juror was found guilty of interfering with the administration of justice by discussing a case he was trying at Wood Green crown Court on Facebook, saying he "always wanted to f**k up a paedophile and now i'm within the law" but denied it when asked by the judge. He was discharged from the jury. Meanwhile Joseph Beard, 29, was also jailed for two months for contempt after using the internet to research the case he was sitting on as a juror at Kingston Crown Court in Surrey and then told members of the jury about it.

A judge at Wood Green Crown Court was alerted and Davey was discharged last December from the retrial of Adam Kephalas, who was later convicted of sexual activity with a child.
Beard was found to be guilty of contempt by using the internet to research the case he was on. The jury was trying two men accused of conspiracy to defraud and money laundering last year.

The men were sentenced at the High Court in central London for conduct likely to interfere with the administration of justice, after prosecution brought by Attorney General Dominic Grieve.

The Attorney said:

"Jurors who use the internet to research a case undermine justice. It creates a risk that the defendant will be convicted or acquitted, not on the evidence, but on unchallenged and untested material discovered by the juror."

"Equally, the case of Kasim Davey shows that jurors must follow the directions given to them by the trial judge not to discuss the case outside the jury room, including discussions and posts on the internet."

After the attorney general was given permission to bring the cases earlier this year, Davey and Beard were summoned to the High Court where two judges heard the evidence against them before deciding whether they were guilty.

Public Interest is anything affecting the rights, health or finances of the public at large. In terms of this case, in relation to the contempts committed by the two jurors, there is also a need to ensure that the laws and procedures strike a balance between the public interest in the administration of justice, the defendant’s right to a fair trial, and the rights of the jurors concerned.


Reporting Restrictions

The key aims of reporting restrictions is to prevent the publication of material which might predjudice a fair trial by influencing jurors to think that a defendant might be guilty. Some cases are automatically protected however some are decided on a case-by-case basis. Automatic protection includes;-

Proceedings under the Childrens Act - proceedings under the childrens act means the they must not broadcast anything which is likely to identify any child as being involved in such proceedings. If these restrictions can be lifted or varied the Section 39 Orders prevents the identification of under-18s involved in proceedings before an adult court.

Victims of Sexual Offences - Young victims of rape and other serious sexual offences will have automatic anonymity subject to the provisions of the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992. Young witnesses to such offences do not receive this protection and so therefore it is at the discretion of the court to make an order under section 39 CYPA 1933.

Prelim hearings in Magistrates Court - A number of rules automatically restrict what can be said in certain early hearings in both the magistrates’ and the crown court. These rules do not apply to reporting trials in the crown court and the magistrates’ court. The courts also have discretion to lift these restrictions depending on the circumstances of the case, including on the application of the media.

-

The laws that restrict the reporting of legal proceedings are numerous and varied. Many relate to the identification of children and the victims of sexual offences. In most cases, courts will order that children who are the subject of or who are witnesses in proceedings and, also, the victims of sexual offences cannot be identified. The restrictions are designed to limit publication of any information that might prejudice a subsequent jury trial, so prevent the reference, for example, to any of the evidence in the case and previous convictions.

-

Courts have the power, even in relation to proceedings in open court, to order that certain material, including the names of parties, should be kept secret from the public sitting in court and, where that is the case, also from any media reporting of the case.


Example of Reporting Restrictions 

James Bulger 


James Patrick Bulger, 2 years old, was a boy from Kirkby, Merseyside, England, who was murdered on 12 February 1993, at the age of two. He was abducted, tortured and murdered by two ten-year-old boys, Robert Thompson (born 23 August 1982) and Jon Venables (born 13 August 1982). Bulger disappeared from the New Strand Shopping Centre in Bootle, while accompanying his mother. His mutilated body was found on a railway line two-and-a-half milesaway in Walton, Liverpool, two days after his murder. Thompson and Venables were charged on 20 February 1993 with Bulger's abduction and murder.


The pair were found guilty on 24 November 1993, making them the youngest convicted murderers in modern English history.

Following the sentencing of Venables over child pornography charges, Mr Justice Bean reiterated the view of the courts that revealing his new identity risked endangering his life. But some media groups argued the reporting restrictions were draconian and an affront to the principle of open justice.

The judge did relax reporting restrictions on naming the region, Cheshire, where Venables lived at the time he was recalled to prison in March this year, as well as the probation service that was supervising him. But Bean reiterated that the reporting restrictions to protect Venables' new identity, his address before he was recalled to prison, his whereabouts now, and his appearance, still stand and are permanent.

However when the two were found guilty, the judge Mr Justice Moreland decided to lift reporting restrictions and their identities were made public.

Social media has had a huge impact on law in journalism over the past two decades of its uprising. What makes social media of particular interests to journalism is how it has become influential as a communicating and news breaking tool. News consumption today is not the same as pre-internet news when people tune in to events happening around the world through 24-hour television news channels. More recently, a growing number of readers, viewers and listeners are going online for their news. Television, newspapers and radio are still here but there is a growing competition from interactive online media. New media technology is also having a serious effect because of its impact on established journalism. The way that public and commercial media means that it transforms the news media into a more open, trustworthy and useful forum for information and debate. As news becomes non-linear and open-sourced, journalism will change and is changing.

Social media networks such as Facebook and Twitter as well as web applications like blogs and

Google have changed the news industry and the journalism practice inside out. They present

possibilities and at the same time a high risk for errors. The challenges social media and

web have thrown to news managements and journalists have been like nothing seen before.

Barriers to entry have been lowered since anyone with a laptop, iPhone or Blackberry can be their own

publisher. They can blog, tweet or facebook it anytime, anywhere.

What makes social media of particular interest to journalism is how it has become influential as a

communication and news-breaking tool. In June 2009, the U.S. State Department asked Twitter to

delay scheduled maintenance on the service because it was being used by protesters angered by the

results of Iran's disputed presidential election. In July 2009, a Twitter user in Indonesia beat most

major news companies by tweeting about the Jakarta bombings.

As the ever changing development of technology has grown it has caused the rise of citizen journalists. Citizen journalists are based upon public citizens laying an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analysing and disseminating news and information. Social media site Twitter has specifically caused an impact on the legal side of journalism.  Twitter has quickly become an important tool for journalists.When breaking news occurs in any part of the world, users quickly agree on a tag that organizes the material comprising a hash mark and a short word. Once you have the “hashtag”, you can then use Twitters search engine to filter out everything but those tweets that are intending to comment on or report on a news event. 

Bibliography

BBC - Editorial Guidelines - Guidelines - Section 18: The Law - Other reporting restrictions

BBC.CO.UK

BBC - Editorial Guidelines - Guidelines - Section 18: The Law - Other reporting restrictions

In-text: (Bbc.co.uk)

Bibliography: Bbc.co.uk,. 'BBC - Editorial Guidelines - Guidelines - Section 18: The Law - Other Reporting Restrictions'. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.

WebsiteBBC Academy - Journalism - Defamation

BBC.CO.UK

BBC Academy - Journalism - Defamation

In-text: (Bbc.co.uk)

Bibliography: Bbc.co.uk,. 'BBC Academy - Journalism - Defamation'. N.p., 2015. Web. 9 Feb. 2015.

WebsiteWhat is defamation? definition and meaning

BUSINESSDICTIONARY.COM

What is defamation? definition and meaning

In-text: (BusinessDictionary.com)

Bibliography: BusinessDictionary.com,. 'What Is Defamation? Definition And Meaning'. N.p., 2015. Web. 9 Feb. 2015.

WebsiteReporting Restrictions - Children and Young People as Victims, Witnesses and Defendants: Legal Guidance: Crown Prosecution Service

CPS.GOV.UK

Reporting Restrictions - Children and Young People as Victims, Witnesses and Defendants: Legal Guidance: Crown Prosecution Service

In-text: (Cps.gov.uk)

Bibliography: Cps.gov.uk,. 'Reporting Restrictions - Children And Young People As Victims, Witnesses And Defendants: Legal Guidance: Crown Prosecution Service'. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.

WebsiteReporting Restrictions - Children and Young People as Victims, Witnesses and Defendants: Legal Guidance: Crown Prosecution Service

CPS.GOV.UK

Reporting Restrictions - Children and Young People as Victims, Witnesses and Defendants: Legal Guidance: Crown Prosecution Service

In-text: (Cps.gov.uk)

Bibliography: Cps.gov.uk,. 'Reporting Restrictions - Children And Young People As Victims, Witnesses And Defendants: Legal Guidance: Crown Prosecution Service'. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.

WebsiteWhat is contempt of court? - Crime and Justice

FINDLAW.CO.UK

What is contempt of court? - Crime and Justice

In-text: (Findlaw.co.uk)

Bibliography: Findlaw.co.uk,. 'What Is Contempt Of Court? - Crime And Justice'. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.

WebsiteCourts and Tribunals Judiciary | Reporting Restrictions in the Criminal Courts

JUDICIARY.GOV.UK

Courts and Tribunals Judiciary | Reporting Restrictions in the Criminal Courts

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LECTLAW.COM

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WebsiteContempt of court | Law | The Guardian

THE GUARDIAN

Contempt of court | Law | The Guardian

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Websitepreliminary hearing | UK Criminal Law Blog

UKCRIMINALLAWBLOG.COM

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Assignment One - Comparison of Radio News Bulletins'

BBC Radio 2 is the most listened to station in the UK, the station combines popular music and culture with a diverse range of specialist music, documentaries and comedy. The station that has been running for over 40 years, it is known to play the widest selection of music on the radio - from classic to mainstream pop to a specialist portfolio including classical, country, folk, jazz, soul, rock n roll, gospel, blues, organ music, big band and brass band. Much of the stations daytime playlist is best described as adult contemporary, a radio format that is aimed toward people aged 30 years and older - a contemporary radio format also are known offer lively contemporary music of the past decade or two. Radio 2 broadcasts throughout the UK on FM between 88.1 and 90.2 MHz from studio in central London. The station was launched at 5:30 on 30th of September 1967. Below is an explanation of an example from BBC Radio 2's news broadcast, I have been able to discuss the reporting style and target audience as well as the presenters style of speaking including tone and voice:



The Radio 2 News bulletin began with an abrupt start, quickly switching from presenter to the news reader. The bulletin began with an introduction that it is the Radio 2 News and the traditional Radio 2 news intro music that many of us are familiar with - the music is very formal and has a relatively quick and but strong sound to it that officially introduces the news. The news reader who does not introduce himself firstly gives the time of which is 8:00am and the date, the 2nd of September. He then proceeds into the headlining stories where he gives a very brief 10 second description that indicate what we can expect to hear in this news bulletin - the headlining stories in this particular broadcast are as follows: President Obama beginning an intensive effort to persuade congress to back military action in Syria, pupils in England doing GCSE having to resit some papers for not reaching the minimum standard and European men who are 4 inches taller than a century ago which has been scientifically proven. By now I have been able to recognize and grasp the reporting style of this news reader - he has a very strong and clear tone of voice, of which can be easily understood. His pronunciation is clear and can be easy to follow when he reads at the quick pace that he does - his calm voice makes it very easy to grasp what he is saying which will make it easy for the older aged side of the target audience to understand. The short pause that the news reader takes notifies us that the bulletin will proceed into the more informative versions of stories that are expected to come. It first begins with a more descriptive version of the President Obama story that we heard a brief description of through the headlines, we are given information of how the White House has begun concerted efforts to persuade congress of the needs to take military action against Syria. The news reader continues to tell us of how democrats and republicans attended a special briefing designed to bulster President Obama's case for the nerve agent Saren which was used to kill more that 14,000 civilians.The story which now continued over a 30 seconds, transfers to an pre-recorded audio clip of Mark Mardell, a reporter who is in Washington and reporting from the location - he gives more information on the specialist briefing that took place so that for the listeners who may not of been able to follow the story have the chance to grasp more detail. Mardell also informs us on Obama's decision and his feelings toward the decisions being made. I believe that although this story did not take place in England, it does concern those who may have family in Syria fighting in the troops. It is informative to those who have an interest in either what is happening in Syria or politics. Once again we hear another headline story but now in plenty more depth, the story of the Sixth Former's in England that have failed to achieve a GCSE will be required to continue with the subject in the new academic year. This report includes not only a quote (read out by the news reader) from the ministers who say that good grades are vital to getting a job, but also includes another pre-recorded audio report from Luke Waldon whom once again gives an in-depth and consistently more informative description of the story - telling us that how from today (2nd September) post 16 education training in England will have to carry on in studying English and Maths until they achieve at least a C. I believe this particular story was broadcasted to the adult target audience who may be aged from 30+, those who have teenagers who are currently studying at school at a GCSE level. This story being broadcast can make parents aware of the situation so that they can push their children to succeed in there examinations. Next up, we move into a story that was not given as a headline, the story is noticeably shorter that the other two that we have already heard. This one is of five boys aged from 11-19, who have been arrested on suspicion of arson when a fire badly damaged a school in Lancashire, we hear that 125 firefighters had been called to fight the fire but no one had been hurt. I feel as though this story had been given for multiple different reasons, the most relevant being for families in the local area of Lancashire - they can be made aware of what has happened and know that there school is safe or there children are safe is something that this news story provides. Similarly, the fact that the story notifies us that no one has been hurt enable families who may have people working at a school in Lancashire to know that they are safe. The next story was about the how the TUC is lodging a complaint with the European Commission that accuses the government of failing to implement properly European rules to give equal pay to agency workers. The report includes audio of reporter Emma Simpsons who gives a slightly more detailed version of the story including how agency workers who have been working for 12 weeks are entitled to the same pay as permanent workers. This story is one that stands as being extremely important, with the target audience of Radio 2 being adults or 30+, it will concern almost all of those who work within an agency, information like this is something that they may only find out through the news which is why it is important that stations like Radio 2 include these in the news bulletins. The last three stories included one of the headlines and two separate and smaller stories,which however did still include as much information that could fit in the moderate amount of time given. The first short story is about how Vodafone are expected to confirm that they are selling 45% in its US mobile company The Rising Wireless to main stakeholders for 130 billion dollars, which is the biggest deal in corporate history - this story which may not concern many, however it could appeal to those who have a phone deal with Vodafone or most likely those who are interested in the technology and business word, being the biggest deal in corporate history people could take a lot of interest in this story. The second to last story is the last of the headlines that were mentioned a few minutes ago, the report tells us of how men aged from 18-70 across 21 European countries are 4 inches taller compared to a century ago. Studies from the University of Essex have proven that this has happened due to improving health and changes in society. The report features Susan Howard who tells us  more detail on the studies that took place at the University - I believe this story is one that a lot of people take interest in, especially men from the ages 18-70, as well as this, the fact the report mentions the University of Essex gives the Uni a good image, and shows that they researched and achieved great results in a scientific study. The last story mentions the fact that Global Warming is helping 'rest diseases' that attach too crops to spread around the word - this story would concern all people putting there minds at rest on how diseases are being prevented from spreading which benefits all people. The news bulletin concludes with the weather forecast - the news reader mentions weather from all across the UK included the North and the South, informing us that there are sunny spells but cloudy and Breezy in the North. Of course because Radio 2 is broadcast all across the UK this will benefit to all the listeners. Overall, the news lasted for 5 minutes 19 seconds, despite being a lengthy section the information is said fairly quickly so that more detail can be inputted and if there are interviews or reporters to be included there is time to.

Capital FM is a radio network of eleven different contemporary hit radio station in the United Kingdom all owned and operated by Global Radio - the stations serves an audience of 7.3 million listeners and target a core audience in the age 14-34 group. From this we can gather that this station is the radio format 'Contemporary hit music' - the playlist inlcude new cutting edge music, current hits and popular hits of the last 6-12 months. Capital FM was the UK's first national, commerical hit music radio station. The station broadcasts the biggest and best songs of the moment, with showbiz interviews, the latest news (locally), traffic and travel. The station mostly appeals to females, but this is still only a small 8% more compared to male listeners. Once again I've been able to listen to a example of the stations news report and analysed the reporting styles and presenters style of speaking:

The news report begins with a news intro, a fast paced, bouncy and energetic music (similar to contemporary hit music that we hear in the charts), is played a robotic sounding voice speaks over the music introducing that you are listening to the '103.2 Capital Breakfast News'. Immediatley after this the news reader begins with the first and only headline that we hear - 'Gareth Bales has gone from Saints to Spurs to Spain' the very quick and very short headline gives us a brief insight into what the listeners can expect to hear in the next few minutes. The broadcast then immediately cuts to another small clip of music again with the same voice over it telling us that it is 'Capital South Coast' this also notifies us that the headlines are over and the main segment will begin. From here the news reader informs us that the time is 8:00 and then continues to open up the first story which is a more detailed report of the headline - 'Football player Gareth Bales has become the most expensive footballer in the world' the news reader tells us that it has finally been confirmed that the footballer has moved from Tottenham to Real Madrid for 85 million pounds - he continues to tell us more about the 'Welsh mans' wages informing us that he is expected to earn £34 a minute. I believe that this story is appealing for people from the ages 14-34, but probably more likely to the younger range. Many people have a lot of interest in football and like to keep up to date as much as possible with what is going on among footballers, the story opens up as a great headline and catches many peoples attention. By now I have also been able to point out that the whole of the news report will include a news bed, of pop type music - this is there to keep the report style a bit more entertaining and appealing to the young audience. After the first report the news reader quickly jump into the next story - 'The Prime Minister is under pressure in having a second vote to sending troops to Syria' the report then cuts to a pre-recorded clip of an interview with Lib Dem MP Mike Hancock for Portsmouth who says that 'David Cameron would be unwise to tempt his luck' the news reader lets us know that Mike Hancock also disagrees to the British involvement. Capital also link the story to how President Obama has asked congress to approve US Military intervention - the story is very similar to the one we heard from Radio 2 however this one is more based on Englands side of the story, it includes a fair amount of information however it is a lot easier to understand which would benefit to the stations younger audience. The fact that the station also links the story to the Local area (Portsmouth) highlights the fact that it is a local matter as well.  The news reader now moves onto the next story - 'Two Coronation Street actors are due in court later accused on separate sex offences against young children' the report mentions the names of the two actors and the characters they play in the popular soap. Michael Levail who plays Kevin Webster is on trial and Kevin Roach who is best known for Ken Barlow will stand before the magistrate he also mentions how both deny the charges against them. I think that this report is a very important one to mention, especially with the target audience that Capital has (many of people aged 15-30 watch soap's), the story is one that they should not only know about but would be interested in as watching Coronation Street may be a regular thing for them.The next report tells of how politicians and celebrities are paying tribute to Sir David Frost the 74 year old broadcaster who died a heart attack on Saturday on the Queen Elizabeth cruise ship that left from Southampton - I feel as though this story will probably interest the older audience rather than the younger ones as they will have more of an idea who David Frost is, the news is important and sentimental and could touch those who knew of the broadcaster. The story however also relates to the are of Southampton as the cruise ship which he died on was from there. The final story is of how the musical Wicked is coming to Southampton, the show will be on at the Mayflower theatre from October - November. This story will appeal to all ages not only is it local to the south coast but because of the musical's wide popularity it will interest the target audience Capital.The final part of the report includes the weather, before the weather report begins however there is an advertisement above the same pop music that we previously heard, the advert promotes Kleenex Balsam tissues. The weather there will be warm and sunny weather across the day. The news concludes with the news reader informing us that his name is James Andrews. Listening to the whole broadcast I realize that the report compared to Radio 2's news has a lot less information and 'important' stories, Capital has chosen stories that will of appealed to the target audience that they aim for, keeping it light and including celebrity news throughout the broadcast. The news reader, James Andrews, has a very clear voice in his pronunciation. The fact that he has to fit in a lot of information in the short 2 minutes he has however does not effect his ability to make sentences clear for the audience to understand. His bold voice is also very easy to hear over the news bed playing in the background - something that Radio 2 did not have, I think the reason for this is because of the fact that Radio 2 is on a lot more serious level compared to Capital, therefore no distractions should be included. And because of Radio 2's older target audience there is no need for the input of music when the stories being told would already appeal to them a fair amount. 

Similar to BBC Radio 2, Jack Solent is an adult hits or adult contemporary music radio format - it is aimed towards people aged 30 years and older and offered a lively contemporary music playlist. The station broadcasts to a stretch of the South Coast on 106 MHz and 106.6 MHz FM and on DAB. The station broadcasts from studios in Southampton. The first air date for Jack FM was the 4th of July 2011, there strapline being 'Playing What We Want' means that they do not take reuqests from the listeners but will only play what they want to.

The news broadcast begins with a news intro - this consists of a a very up beat music being played it features drums and guitars that give a very powerful introduction. A pre-recorded clip of a male saying 'On 106 FM, Online and Digital, this is Jack FM' is also included to let the listeners know where they are tuned into. Immediately the news reader starts the broadcast by firstly informing us of the current time which was 8:00, and introducing himself as David Brown. He then jumps straight into the first story (unlike the other two examples we had Jack FM does not include headlines at the beginning). I have also already noticed that the news section has a news bed of up-beat music that keeps the broadcast lively. The first story is informing us on Garth Bales decision to move from Tottenham to Real Madrid. The news reader quickly feeds a lot of information out to us in the short amount of time, calling the transfer the 'biggest deal in history', similar to Capital FM, he mention that the deal was for 85 million, and Gareth Bale is expected to get a weekly wage of £3000. The report also includes a short voice clip of the Spurs manager saying that he pays all the best to Gareth Bale - using a voice clip enable the report to have a bit more reality as we get views from people affected by the transfer. Similar to Capital FM, this kind of story will interest a lot of people as football is a hugely popular sport that people like to keep up to date with as much as possible. The news reader, David Brown, has a very deep and broad voice, it is powerful over the news bed and easy to understand. His pronunciation so far is clear and he has a very informative and authoritative sound to his voice, After the first story, the news reader quickly continues to the next - 'America  has evidence of the deadly nerve gas Saren, was used during attacks' the news reader continues to inform us of how Barack Obama is trying to secure political backing for military strike against Syria regime. The story is in relation to the one we hear from both Radio 2 and Capital FM expect hear it is very brief and not a lot of information is given. Once again this kind of story is being told as it concerns the world, especially with the age of the listeners, a lot of people are concerned for troops out in places like Syria and updates are important to many people. Quickly the news broadcast moves onto the next report - a Portsmouth mother looking for her children is seeking help from Westminister to get her children back.The report tells us of how the children were taken by the ladies former husband last summer,  and she is now hoping that the diplomatic pressure could help get her kids back to the UK. The story cuts to a pre-recorded phone interview with Portsmouth North MP, Penny Morden who supports the campaign. I believe that this story is given because of its local relation to many people who live in Portsmouth, the fact that it features an MP from Portsmouth puts a good image toward Portsmouth MP's. Being broadcast to many people also means that the message can get out and listeners can do what they can to help. Sticking locally, the next two stories take place across the South Coast of England the first story reports of a motorbike rider who died in hospital crash in Dorset. The 52 year old collided with a Land Rover on A350 - this story is one that was quite touching, I think it's important to spread news such as this to promote motorbike and driving safety as this is something that is crucial in our world. The second story is more of a lighthearted one, reporting that the Bournemouth Air Festival had a record amount of guests of 4 million people over the 3 days it took place - a story like this is more beneficial to the creators of the BAF, as the radio can promote the Air Festival too many local people across the South Coast. The final story is the same as Capital FM's, Jack FM report hos friends of David Frost pay tribute to the 'giant of TV'. The inform the listeners that the broadcaster died on Saturday at the age of 74 - again a story that is probably going to appeal to the older audience as they probably know of David Frost the most. The last 20 seconds or so includes: the sport - staying locally Jack FM updates football fans of how Pompey, Saints and Bournemouth have all lost against there competitors. And the weather, a very short a brief update to those across the South Coast that the weather will stay sunny and dry. The broadcasts ends with the news reader promoting the radio's website where they can access the news online and find out more information of the stories that have just been read. After thoroughly listening to the example of Jack FM's news I noticed that the news readers pronunciation of names wasn't as good as it probably should of, I felt it difficult to follow names and some of the football teams that he mentioned, this could be the same for many other listeners. 

Radio 2, Wave 105 and Jack fM all connect with their audiences in individual ways which is what makes them so different from one another. As Radio 2 is a BBC station it is a part of the BBC Trust, which is created for BBC viewers, listeners and users to rely on to reflect the many communities that reflect in the UK. The BBC Trust's priorities is split into six specific areas which is to represent the different nations, regions and communities to the rest of the UK, cater for the different nations, regions and communities of the UK, bring people together for shared experiences, encourage interest in and conversation about local communities, reflect the different religious and other beliefs in the UK and provide output in minority languages. Radio 2 connects with the audience by following the rules of the BBC Trust and ensuring a rounded representation of the nations on regions on the news is done. The BBC work hard to output news that will effectively report the changing faces of the UK. The BBC has also made a continual effort in recent years to improve the accuracy, balance and relevance of its UK wide news coverage. Through research I discovered that the average BBC 2 radio listeners is 51, whilst most live in the South of England. 'In a year the station weekly audience grew to 14.94 million, from 13.90m and a record 15.44m last quarter. The station also had a share of 16.9% from 15.6 last year and 17.2% last quarter. Further more The Chris Evans Breakfast Show drew an audience of 9.35 million listeners every week – compared to 8.55m last year and 9.75m last quarter.' - taken from RAJAR. Wave 105 find the best way to connect to there audiences is through multiple different competitions and presenter led shows. By using techniques such as competitions it creates money for the station - the more people who enter the competition, the more money made. As well as this, it gets the audience involve and creates a wider popularity for the station. Media.info, a media statistic website shows me that 50.3% of the stations listeners are females and the rest male. The most popular age range for the listeners is 22-55 year olds therefore covering both age ranges of Jack FM and Radio 2. I also discovered the total listeners per week is 360,000. Jack FM connects through to it's audiences through a very different basis compared to Radio 2 but does seem  follow some similarities of Wave 105 including competitions and presenter led shows but also through activities and sponsorships - each 10 stations will be sponsored by a company that will have some accordance to the area that it broadcasts to across the UK this way they can do more competitions and activities etc and gain more money and also listeners. Jack FM represents themselves as a radio station who 'play what they want' meaning that audiences will tune into the radio for different genre's of music and along with there different lifestyles. Through media.info I gathered information that told me there total listeners per week is a total of 64,000 adults (15+) whilst there total population covered is 515,000. 

Websites Used: 

BBC.CO.UK

BBC - Radio 2 - About

In-text: (Bbc.co.uk, 2015)

Bibliography: Bbc.co.uk, (2015). BBC - Radio 2 - About. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/about/ [Accessed 16 Nov. 2014].

BBC - iPlayer Radio

BBC.CO.UK

BBC - iPlayer Radio

In-text: (Bbc.co.uk, 2015)

Bibliography: Bbc.co.uk, (2015). BBC - iPlayer Radio. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/help [Accessed 14 Nov. 2014].

WebsiteThe Audience | This is Global

RADIO, G.

The Audience | This is Global

In-text: (Radio, 2015)

Bibliography: Radio, G. (2015). The Audience | This is Global. [online] Thisisglobal.com. Available at: http://www.thisisglobal.com/radio/capital-fm/audience/ [Accessed 18 Nov. 2014].

Website

THOMAS C HOKENSON - WEBMASTER@RADIOSTATIONWORLD.COM, R.

RadioStationWorld - Radio Broadcast Directory and Listing of Radio Stations on the Web

In-text: (Thomas C Hokenson - webmaster@radiostationworld.com, 2015)

Bibliography: Thomas C Hokenson - webmaster@radiostationworld.com, r. (2015). RadioStationWorld - Radio Broadcast Directory and Listing of Radio Stations on the Web. [online] Radiostationworld.com. Available at: http://radiostationworld.com/ [Accessed 12 Nov. 2014].

Website106 Jack FM (South Coast)

WIKIPEDIA

106 Jack FM (South Coast)

In-text: (Wikipedia, 2015)

Bibliography: Wikipedia, (2015). 106 Jack FM (South Coast). [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/106_Jack_FM_(South_Coast) [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014].

https://media.info/radio/stations/106-jack-fm-2/listening-figures

Radio Industry

The Radio industry is divided into BBC Stations and commercial radio.

 

BBC Radio

 

1.)  When did the BBC start broadcasting Radio?

In 1922, the British Broadcasting Corp (BBC) began its daily Radio transmissions, and ‘listening in’ to the wireless quickly became a social and cultural phenomenon in the UK

 

        2.) When and why did Radio 1 start broadcasting?

BBC Radio 1 was established in London on the 30^th of September 1967 following the Marine Offences Act in 1967 which outlawed the unregulated pirate ship and fort radio stations broadcasting in Britain from the sea such as Radio London, Caroline and Swinging Radio. From its inception and throughout the 1970’s and 1980’s BBC Radio 1 was hugely successful commanding weekly audiences of up to 24 million listeners.

 

3.)  What is the license fee and how much is it?

The license fee is a fee paid to the government for the privilege of being licensed to do/have something.  The annual cost of colour TV licence is £145.50 (as from April 2010). A black and white TV licence is £49. TV Licensing is committed to making it quick and easy for you to pay for your TV license in a way that suits you. The fee you pay provides a wide range if TV, radio and online content, as well as developing new ways to deliver it to you.

 

4.)  What is the Royal Charter?

The Royal Charter is the constitutional basis for BBC. It sets out the public purposes of the BBC, guarantees its independence, and outlines the duties of the Trust and the Executive Board. The current Charter runs until 31 December 2016.

 

5.)  What is the BBC Trust?

The BBC Trust is the governing of the British broadcasting Corporation. The BBC exists to serve the public, and its mission is to inform, educate and entertain. The BBC Trust is the governing body of the BBC, and the BBC make sure to deliver that mission. Led by Chairman Rona Fairhead, and consisting of 12 Trustees, the Trust is the guardian of licence fee revenue and of the public interest in the BBC. The Trust is advised by four Audience Councils who advise the Trust on the interest of the audiences around the UK.

 

6.)  What is the BBC’s Mission?

The BBC Mission, vision and values inform the work of the BBC and how they promote there public purposes. BBC mission is to enrich peoples lives with the programmes and services that inform, educate and entertain.

 

7.)  What is the difference between national and local BBC radio?

The BBC today runs eleven national domestic radio stations, six of which are only available in digital format via DAB Digital Radio, UK digital television plus live streams and listen again on the internet. The BBC also runs radio stations for national regions. These stations focus on local issues greater extent than their UK counterparts, organising live phone-in debates about these issues, as well as lighter talk shows with music from different decades. BBC nations’ radio station offer a more serious alternative. Stations include:-

 

BBC Radio Scotland

BBC Radio Shetland

BBC Orkney

BBC Radio Wales

BBC Radio Cymru

BBC Radio Ulster

BBC Radio Foyle.

 

The local BBC services broadcast across England (and the Channel Islands) and often cater to individual countries. BBC Local Radio is the BBC’s regional radio service and consists of 40 stations. They cover a variety of areas with some serving a city and surrounding areas.

 

8.)  What percentage of the population listen to BBC Radio?

The quarterly listening figures for BBC Radio is 66 percent. Including all individuals 15+.

 

 

Commercial Radio

 

1.)  When did commercial Radio first start broadcasting in the UK?

Commercial Radio has been broadcasting in the UK since 1973. Stations are funded through advertising revenue and their broadcasting licenses are awarded by Ofcom. There are three national commercial stations broadcasting on FM or Am throughout the UK as well as DAB, DTV and online.

 

2.)  What was the name of the first commercial Radio station?

Britains first independent radio station began broadcasting in 1973 on  VHF and medium wave. LBC (London Broadcasting Company) joined the airwaves with a signature tune followed by two hour ‘news-feature’ programme presented by former BBC reporter David Jessel. This was followed by Capital eight days later.

 

3.)   When did Capital FM start broadcasting?

Capital Radio first began broadcasting in 1973 as well, eight days after the first broadcast of LBC

 

4.)   Who owns Capital FM? And what other brands does this company own?

This Is Global is the large company that runs Capital and several other stations, including Heart, Classic FM, Smooth Radio, Capital xTra, XFM and many more. Global also has Global Television, Global Talent and Global Publishing.

 

5.)   What percentage of the population listen to this organisations stations (all brands)?

40% of the UK population listen to a commercial radio station owned by Global.

 

6.)   How is commercial radio funded?

Advertising is most familiar with commercial radio, Radio stations can seel airtime to buyers who find it valuable because of the stations programming and target audience. The buyer has the station air the ad during certain times and programs that is deemed most beneficial. Certain airtime might be more costly than others, depending on how desirable it is to buyers and how many listeners generally tune in.

 

7.)   How many commercial radio stations are there in the UK?

 

Most commercial stations serve a local or regional area and are owned by one of the three groups - Global, Bauer and UTV - which dominate the sector. There are over 300 in the UK, mostly using FM frequencies and DAB.

 

8.) How many companies control the majority of these - who are they?

 

Most commercial station are owned by three groups these are Global, Bauer and UTV. Global own some of the UK's most popular radio stations such as Heart, Capital and Classic FM - they keep 23.2 million listeners tuned into radio each week. They also manage some of the best music talent around, publish some of the biggest tracks in the charts and run music channels. Bauer Media UK reaches over 22 million UK consumers every week through multiple different sectors in the media. Brand include heat, Kiss, Grazia, Empire, Magic and Absolute Radio. Absolute Radio has a national audience of 3.4 million 25-44 year olds. Finally, UTV are a broadcasting an new media company based in Northern Island who own the likes of ITV, UTV Radio and talkSPORT.